Welcome to supershub.com
Our Story
We started supershub.com with a simple goal in mind: to create a platform that makes it easy for people to connect with others who share their interests and passions. Our journey has been a long and winding one, but we're proud of what we've accomplished so far.
Urgent Call for Humanitarian Assistance
Help Required Both Cash & Kind
The people of Sudan are facing an unprecedented crisis, with 25 million individuals currently suffering from hunger, famine, starvation, and the devastating impacts of floods. The situation is dire, and immediate action is required to save lives. We are specifically requesting donations of gum arabic and millet seeds.
Savanna SuperFoods-Find Health & Longevity
Dr. Isam Sidig Urgent Call for Humanitarian Assistance
Dear Friends and Supporters, We are reaching out with an urgent plea for humanitarian assistance in both cash and kind. The people of Sudan are facing an unprecedented crisis, with 25 million individuals currently suffering from hunger, famine, starvation, and the devastating impacts of floods. The situation is dire, and immediate action is required to save lives. We are specifically requesting donations of gum arabic and millet seeds. These items are crucial for several reasons:
1. Gum Arabic and Millet Seeds: Millet seeds can be boiled like rice, requiring minimal fuel for cooking. They can also be ground into flour to make bread. Gum arabic does not require any processing, making it an ideal food source in these challenging times.
2. Simplicity and Efficiency: Given that many factories and bakeries have been vandalized, these food items are essential as they do not rely on complex processing or extensive resources to prepare.
3. Universal Food: Gum arabic and millet are versatile and nutritious foods that can sustain both the poor and the rich. They are truly "Oneness" foods that can unite and nourish the entire population.
In addition to requesting these donations, we are calling for a global embargo on the export of gum arabic and millet from Sudan until the end of 2025. This measure is necessary to ensure that these vital resources remain within the country to support the starving population. The warring parties in Sudan show no intention of halting this devastating conflict, which we refer to as the "Apathy War." It is up to the people of Sudan, not their partisan politicians or the outside world, to save their country. By relying on gum arabic and millet, the Sudanese people can demonstrate to the world how these "InnerFuels" can combat lifestyle diseases and sustain life in the face of adversity. We must act now to save the lives of millions. Your support and generosity can make a significant difference in this critical time. Thank you for your attention and assistance. Sincerely, Dr. Isam Sidig
SupersHub Inc. was founded by Dr. Isam Sidig, a distinguished Sudanese scientist and entrepreneur, renowned for his pioneering work in the field of Gum Arabic processing. Dr. Sidig holds a PhD from the University of Manchester, UK, and is widely recognized as the "Godfather of Gum Arabic."
As the first to introduce ZeroFoodProcessing techniques for Gum Arabic, Dr. Sidig revolutionized the industry by transforming it into natural prebiotic powder, unlocking new avenues for its utilization. His visionary leadership has propelled Supershub Inc. to the forefront of innovation in natural dietary supplements.
Sudan, the home country of Dr. Sidig, boasts an unparalleled abundance of natural resources, hosting approximately 96% of the world's forest reserves of Acacia Senegal, known as Gum Arabic Manna in religious scriptures. Additionally, it encompasses around 80% of Acacia Seyal forests, referred to as Gum Arabic Talha in the Quran.
Dr. Sidig's journey in advocating for domestic Gum Arabic processing began in 1989 with the establishment of a public company named Investment House. Despite the immense potential of the project in job creation and foreign earnings, the government's reluctance to provide necessary concessions prompted Dr. Sidig to relocate to London, UK.
After 28 years, fueled by unwavering determination, Dr. Sidig resurrected his vision by conceptualizing Supershub Inc. Yet, the resurgence of conflict thwarted his aspirations, leading him back to London in May 2023. Undeterred by challenges, Dr. Sidig resolved to establish the company in the UK, with aspirations to resume Gum Arabic processing operations within Sudan's forest belt once peace is restored.
SupersHub Inc. remains committed to advancing Dr. Sidig's legacy by harnessing cutting-edge technologies and fostering sustainable development within Sudan and beyond. Through strategic partnerships and innovative solutions, we aspire to empower local communities and contribute to the socioeconomic prosperity of the regions we serve.
The 7 "Supers”
1. SuperFood (Gum Arabic)
2. SuperCereal (Savanna Millet)
3. SuperFruit (Baobab)
4. SupersOil (Sesame)
5. SuperHerb (Savanna Rahad Hibiscus)
6. SuperFuel(Sweet Sorghum)
7. SuperMountain (Jebel Marra where Adam & Eve exiled)
Currently in London
Dr. Isam Sidig, amidst the challenges posed by the ongoing conflict in Sudan, has made the strategic decision to relocate to London, United Kingdom. His primary objective is to streamline the operational activities of Supershub Inc., ensuring meticulous planning and organization to facilitate Sudan's revitalization and foster unity through transformative initiatives. With a vision firmly rooted in the advancement of his homeland, Dr. Isam Sidig aspires to spearhead projects that contribute to Sudan's reconstruction and serve as catalysts for societal cohesion. Central to his ambitions is the establishment of a franchise café concept that transcends conventional boundaries, offering an innovative platform for individuals to access wholesome meals and beverages while adhering to stringent dietary preferences. The envisioned franchise café will revolutionize the dining experience by providing an array of takeaway options meticulously curated to align with contemporary dietary trends and preferences. Each offering will boast a distinctive profile, characterized by being Gluten-Free, Sugar-Free, Caffeine-Free, and Wheat-Free, catering to individuals with diverse dietary requirements and health-conscious lifestyles. Furthermore, Dr. Isam Sidig envisions the franchise café as a hub for culinary exploration, empowering patrons to engage in the culinary process through the acquisition of high-quality ingredients for Do-It-Yourself (DIY) creations. By fostering a culture of culinary creativity and experimentation, the café aims to foster a sense of community while promoting individual autonomy in crafting personalized culinary experiences.Through his entrepreneurial endeavors, Dr. Isam Sidig seeks to not only revolutionize the gastronomic landscape but also pave the way for economic empowerment and social cohesion in Sudan. By leveraging his expertise and passion for innovation, he endeavors to create a lasting impact that transcends geographical boundaries, ushering in a new era of progress and prosperity for his beloved homeland.
Gum Arabic Harvesting
The harvesting process of Hand Picked Selected (HPS) Hashab involves a meticulous and labor-intensive approach aimed at selecting only the highest quality gum arabic. This grade of Hashab is renowned for its pristine quality, characterized by its cleanliness, light color, and large nodules or tears.
The process begins with skilled harvesters carefully inspecting the Acacia trees to identify the optimal gum arabic exudate. This involves examining the trees for signs of exudation, such as resinous tears or nodules that have formed on the bark. Once identified, the gum arabic is delicately extracted from the tree using specialized tools to minimize damage to the surrounding bark and ensure sustainability.
After extraction, the gum arabic is subjected to a rigorous hand-picking process to remove any impurities or foreign matter. Skilled workers meticulously inspect each piece of gum arabic, ensuring that only the highest quality nodules or tears are selected for further processing. Any debris, twigs, or other impurities are carefully removed, resulting in a pristine and pure product.
Once the hand-picking process is complete, the HPS Hashab is carefully collected and prepared for packaging. It is typically packaged in specialized containers or bags that preserve its quality and protect it from external contaminants.
Overall, the harvesting process of Hand Picked Selected (HPS) Hashab exemplifies a commitment to quality and purity, ensuring that only the finest gum arabic is selected for use in various applications across industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.
About SupersHub
SupersHub inc. a company that produces natural nutritional and therapeutic products from the savanna region of Africa.
• SupersHub inc. was founded by Dr. Isam Sidig, a Sudanese scientist and entrepreneur, who has a PhD in from the University of Khartoum and known as the Godfather of Gum Arabic.
• SupersHub inc. aims to fight lifestyle diseases, global warming, and poverty by using zero food processing patents (ZFP), which preserve the nutritional and therapeutic characteristics of their natural savanna products, such as baobab, millet, hibiscus, and sesame.
• SupersHub inc. also guarantees fair food and trade by using mini-factories, which are small-scale production units that can be operated by local communities, creating jobs and income for the rural poor.
• SupersHub inc. has a range of products that target different health and wellness needs, such as prebiotics, probiotics, antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, fiber, and anti-inflammatory agents. Some of their products are:
⦁ NatPre-C/PrebioM: A prebiotic powder made from baobab fruit pulp, which helps with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) constipation, reflux, gases, diabetes, and obesity.
⦁ NatPre-D/PrebioT: A prebiotic and probiotic powder made from baobab fruit pulp and yogurt culture, which helps with IBS diarrhea, children immunity, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Crohn's, inflammatory diseases, and sport nutrition.
⦁ PrevitC: A vitamin C rich prebiotic powder made from a blend of baobab fruit pulp and acerola cherry, which acts as a strong antioxidant and sport energizer.
⦁ Savanna Millet: A gluten-free millet flour, which is useful for wheat allergy, diabetes, obesity, IBS, and impotency.
⦁ Savanna Rahad Hibiscus: A hibiscus tea, which helps to reduce blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
⦁ Previtzema: An eczema skincare powder made from baobab fruit pulp, which helps to soothe and heal the skin.
⦁ Prebabe: A baby rash powder made from baobab fruit pulp, which helps to prevent and treat diaper rash.
⦁ Savanna Coffee, Sesame, and Baobab Oils: These products are still under development, but they are expected to offer various benefits, such as enhancing the flavor and aroma of coffee, providing healthy fats and antioxidants from sesame, and moisturizing and nourishing the skin and hair from baobab.supershub.com is a new platform that aims to revolutionize the way people learn and share knowledge. Our mission is to create a community of lifelong learners who are passionate about exploring new ideas and expanding their horizons.
Vision: At The SupersHub Incorporation, our vision extends far beyond conventional business aspirations. We envision a world where our innovative approach to creating sustainable and health-focused products plays a pivotal role in addressing three critical global challenges: unemployment, lifestyle diseases, and global warming.
Combating Unemployment: In many regions around the world, unemployment remains a pressing issue, particularly among youth, women, and marginalized communities. We aim to combat this challenge by establishing small-scale, labor-intensive factories in various locations. These factories will not only produce our high-quality products but also create job opportunities for local communities, providing them with stable employment and economic empowerment.
Fighting Lifestyle Diseases: The rise of lifestyle diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular conditions, poses a significant threat to public health worldwide. Our commitment to producing health-focused products, rich in essential nutrients and prebiotics, aims to contribute to a healthier population. By promoting better nutrition and digestive health, we strive to combat lifestyle diseases and enhance overall well-being.
Addressing Global Warming: Global warming and climate change are urgent issues that require immediate attention and action. We recognize the importance of adopting sustainable practices to mitigate our environmental impact. Through our use of green energy sources, such as locally available Sweet Sorghum, and our commitment to reforestation efforts, we aim to minimize our carbon footprint and contribute to the fight against global warming.
In summary, our vision at The SupersHub Incorporation is not only to build a successful business but also to make a meaningful and lasting impact on society and the environment. By addressing key global challenges, we strive to create a brighter and more sustainable future for generations to come.
The products that Savna Company plans to assign to the Super Company under its incorporation are pharmaceutical products specifically sold through pharmacies. These products are manufactured in Sudan and are aimed at addressing various health concerns. Here is a detailed overview of the products:
1. Prebiotic Soft Powder (Multiple Variants): These soft, portable powders are designed for convenient application to various areas of the body, including wounds, burns, sinuses, foot fungi, dry skin, and eyeliner. They are formulated with prebiotic ingredients to promote healing and overall skin health. Each variant serves a specific purpose, providing targeted relief and support.
2. Prebiotic Powder for Oral Care: This soft, mobile powder is designed to be sprayed on the teeth before and after eating. It contains prebiotic agents that promote dental health and support oral hygiene.
3. Natural Prebiotic Powder for Internal Use: This fragrant powder is intended for internal consumption, providing prebiotic benefits to support digestive health. It comes in a convenient powdered form for easy consumption.
4. SuperCereal (Savanna Millet Flour): This product is a naturally gluten-free millet flour, known for its nutritional benefits. The SuperCereal is produced using 30 small mills, employing a zero manufacturing process. It is supported by a capital investment of $4 million for experimentation, with the potential to establish a separate SuperCereal company under the control of the SupersHub Company.
5. Superfuel (Ancolip) Power Stations: These power stations utilize superfuel (Ancolip) as an alternative energy source. The project involves the establishment of four 1-megawatt power stations, supported by a $2 million investment for experimentation. Similar to the Supercereal project, there is potential to establish a separate superfuel company under the control of the Super Company based on the success of the experiment.
These pharmaceutical products are backed by eight clinical studies conducted to validate their efficacy in addressing contemporary diseases. The studies have been published internationally and provide scientific evidence supporting the effectiveness of the products. The incorporation of these products into the Super Company's portfolio aligns with its mission to develop sustainable and health-focused solutions for global markets.
SuperHerb (Savanna Rahad Full Hibiscus Flowers)
In the region of Rahad Kordofan in Sudan, the soil boasts an exceptional richness in magnesium, a vital mineral known for its numerous health benefits. Renowned for its capacity to regulate blood pressure levels, magnesium plays a pivotal role in cardiovascular health by promoting the relaxation of blood vessels, thereby aiding in the reduction of hypertension. Furthermore, the ingestion of magnesium-rich foods offers a sense of relaxation and rejuvenation, contributing to overall well-being.
The unique agricultural practices employed in this region ensure the preservation of the natural integrity and nutritional value of the harvested produce. Utilizing a methodology that emphasizes traditional techniques, the cultivation and processing of magnesium-rich crops adhere to a stringent ZeroFoodProcessing patent. This approach underscores a commitment to maintaining the purity and efficacy of the final product.
Harvested under specific conditions, including rain-fed irrigation to enhance soil fertility and sundrying methods to preserve nutritional content, the crops are meticulously hand-cut and hand-packed. This labor-intensive process ensures the preservation of the inherent properties of magnesium-rich produce, guaranteeing optimal health benefits for consumers.
Hibiscus For Your Healthy Living
SuperHerb, specifically the Savanna Rahad Full Hibiscus Flowers, represents a remarkable botanical treasure found in the fertile lands of the Rahad region in Sudan. These full hibiscus flowers, cultivated amidst the pristine environment of the Savanna, boast a plethora of health-promoting properties and culinary versatility.
Rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, the Savanna Rahad Full Hibiscus Flowers offer a spectrum of health benefits. They are particularly renowned for their ability to promote cardiovascular health by helping to regulate blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Additionally, their antioxidant properties contribute to overall immune support and may aid in combating oxidative stress.
In culinary applications, these vibrant flowers lend themselves to a myriad of culinary creations. From refreshing herbal teas to flavorful infusions, the Savanna Rahad Full Hibiscus Flowers impart a delightful tartness and floral aroma to beverages. They can also be incorporated into culinary recipes, adding a unique twist to salads, desserts, and savory dishes.
Sourced from the Rahad region's pristine Savanna, these SuperHerb flowers undergo meticulous harvesting and processing to preserve their natural integrity and potency. With a commitment to quality and sustainability, the cultivation and harvesting of the Savanna Rahad Full Hibiscus Flowers adhere to stringent standards, ensuring a premium botanical product that encapsulates the essence of the Savanna's bounty.
Community Renewal
Working in Sudan with local farmers and inhabitants for growing Acacia trees and harvesting gum arabic involves several key steps and considerations to ensure a successful and sustainable partnership:
1. Community Engagement: Engage with local communities and farmers to understand their needs, priorities, and traditional knowledge regarding agriculture and land management practices. Building trust and fostering open communication is essential for establishing a collaborative relationship.
2. Training and Education: Provide training and education programs to local farmers on sustainable farming practices, including proper tree planting, cultivation techniques, and gum arabic harvesting methods. This empowers farmers with the knowledge and skills needed to effectively manage Acacia tree plantations and maximize gum arabic yield.
3. Access to Resources: Ensure access to necessary resources such as high-quality seeds, seedlings, and agricultural inputs required for Acacia tree cultivation. Support farmers with access to tools, equipment, and infrastructure needed for planting, irrigation, and maintenance of tree plantations.
4. Land Management: Work closely with local communities to identify suitable land for Acacia tree cultivation, taking into account factors such as soil quality, water availability, and environmental sustainability. Implement land management practices that promote soil conservation, water retention, and biodiversity conservation.
5. Sustainable Cultivation Practices: Promote sustainable cultivation practices that minimize environmental impact and maximize gum arabic yield. This includes adopting agroforestry techniques, intercropping with other compatible crops, and implementing water-saving irrigation methods.
6. Capacity Building: Build the capacity of local farmers and communities to manage Acacia tree plantations and gum arabic harvesting operations independently. Provide ongoing training, technical assistance, and extension services to support farmers in optimizing tree growth, gum arabic extraction, and post-harvest processing.
7. Fair Trade Practices: Embrace fair trade principles and ensure fair compensation for local farmers and communities involved in Acacia tree cultivation and gum arabic harvesting. Establish transparent pricing mechanisms and fair trade partnerships to promote equitable economic benefits and empower local livelihoods.
8. Environmental Conservation: Prioritize environmental conservation and sustainable land use practices to protect natural ecosystems and biodiversity. Implement measures to mitigate deforestation, soil degradation, and habitat loss, while promoting reforestation and habitat restoration initiatives.
9. Research and Innovation: Collaborate with research institutions, agricultural experts, and local stakeholders to conduct research and innovation projects aimed at improving Acacia tree cultivation techniques, gum arabic quality, and value-added product development. Encourage the adoption of innovative technologies and best practices to enhance productivity and sustainability.
10. Long-Term Commitment: Foster a long-term commitment to sustainable development and community engagement, recognizing the importance of continuity and consistency in achieving meaningful impact. Establish partnerships based on mutual respect, shared goals, and ongoing collaboration to support the growth and resilience of local communities and ecosystems.
A Green Legacy in the Savanna
Our Vision
SupersHub Inc. Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives: A Green Legacy in the Savanna
At SupersHub Inc., we recognize the importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and are committed to making a positive impact on the environment and communities where we operate. As part of our CSR efforts, we are proud to announce a partnership with a non-governmental organization (NGO) to undertake an ambitious tree planting project in the Savanna Acacia desert belt. At Supershub Inc., we recognize our responsibility to contribute positively to the environment and communities we operate in. As part of our robust CSR initiatives, we have undertaken an ambitious project to patronize a non-governmental organization (NGO) for the purpose of planting three million mini forests, predominantly consisting of Acacia SuperFood, covering an expansive 1.75 feddan, along with an additional three million SuperFruit (Baobab) trees in the Savanna Acacia desert belt.
This initiative is a testament to our commitment to sustainability, reforestation, and biodiversity preservation. The choice of Acacia SuperFood and Baobab trees reflects our dedication to promoting indigenous and eco-friendly vegetation, crucial for maintaining the delicate ecological balance in the Savanna region.
Key Aspects of the CSR Initiative:
1. Mini Forests of Acacia SuperFood: Our CSR initiative involves the patronage of an NGO to plant a total of 3 million mini forests comprising Acacia SuperFood trees and 3 million SuperFruit (Baobab) trees in the Savanna Acacia desert belt. This initiative aims to restore and preserve the natural ecosystem of the region while also promoting sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation.
- Covering 1.75 feddan, these mini forests will be strategically planted in the Savanna Acacia desert belt, contributing to the expansion of green spaces and combating desertification.
- Acacia SuperFood, known for its nutritional richness and sustainability, aligns with our mission to promote health and environmental well-being.
2. SuperFruit (Baobab) Tree Plantation: The planting of 1.75 feddan (approximately 7.35 acres) of Acacia SuperFood mini forests will contribute to the reforestation of degraded areas within the Savanna Acacia desert belt. Acacia SuperFood trees are known for their nutritional value and ecosystem benefits, including soil stabilization, carbon sequestration, and providing habitat for wildlife.
Acacia SuperFood Mini Forests: The planting of 1.75 feddan (approximately 7.35 acres) of Acacia SuperFood mini forests will contribute to the reforestation of degraded areas within the Savanna Acacia desert belt. Acacia SuperFood trees are known for their nutritional value and ecosystem benefits, including soil stabilization, carbon sequestration, and providing habitat for wildlife.
Baobab SuperFruit Trees: Additionally, the initiative includes the planting of 3 million Baobab SuperFruit trees, which are indigenous to the region and renowned for their nutrient-rich fruit. Baobab trees play a vital role in supporting local communities by providing food, shelter, and income opportunities through the sustainable harvest and sale of Baobab fruit and products derived from it. The planting of three million Baobab trees aims to enhance the biodiversity of the region and support the growth of this nutrient-dense superfruit.
- Baobab trees are not only iconic but also play a crucial role in sustaining local ecosystems and providing essential resources to surrounding communities.
3. Collaboration with NGOs: Supershub Inc. has collaborated with a reputable non-governmental organization with a proven track record in environmental conservation and sustainable development. The NGO will oversee the entire process, from site selection and tree planting to long-term monitoring and maintenance, ensuring the success and longevity of the initiative.
4. Community Engagement: Furthermore, our CSR initiative will create employment opportunities for local communities involved in tree planting, maintenance, and management activities. By empowering local residents to participate in conservation efforts, we aim to foster a sense of ownership and stewardship over their natural resources and pride among the communities, making them active participants in the project's success. This CSR initiative goes beyond environmental impact; it directly involves local communities in the planting process, providing employment opportunities and empowering residents with valuable skills in sustainable agriculture.
5. Long-Term Environmental Impact: We are committed to the long-term sustainability of this tree planting project and will work closely with the NGO and local stakeholders to ensure the ongoing care and maintenance of the planted trees. Regular monitoring and evaluation will be conducted to assess the project's progress and impact on the environment and communities. The planting of Acacia SuperFood and Baobab trees will contribute to carbon sequestration, helping mitigate the effects of climate change and promoting a healthier atmosphere. The initiative aims to create a legacy of green landscapes, ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
At SupersHub Inc., we view our CSR initiatives as an integral part of our identity, reflecting our commitment to making a positive impact on the environment and the communities we serve. The plantation of three million trees stands as a symbol of our dedication to building a greener, healthier, and more sustainable world. Through our CSR initiative to patronize the planting of 3 million mini forests of Acacia SuperFood trees and 3 million Baobab SuperFruit trees in the Savanna Acacia desert belt, Supershub Inc. is demonstrating our commitment to environmental stewardship, community development, and sustainable agriculture. We believe that by investing in projects that benefit both people and the planet, we can contribute to a healthier and more resilient future for all.
Welcome to Greening the Planet
Acacia Trees
Acacia trees, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, are known for their remarkable ability to influence their surrounding environment, including the creation of microclimates and even inducing rainfall. This phenomenon, often referred to as "acacia rain," occurs when large populations of acacia trees are present, forming extensive forests or woodlands. The process begins with the acacia trees releasing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the atmosphere. These compounds, such as isoprene and terpenes, are emitted from the leaves and branches of the trees. When these VOCs are released into the air, they react with other compounds, including atmospheric oxygen and sunlight, to form aerosols. These aerosols act as nuclei around which water vapor can condense, eventually leading to the formation of clouds. As more clouds gather and coalesce, they can eventually precipitate as rain under the right atmospheric conditions. This process is often referred to as "biologically induced precipitation" or "bioprecipitation." The presence of acacia forests can therefore contribute to localized increases in rainfall, transforming arid landscapes into more habitable environments. This phenomenon has been observed in various regions around the world where acacia forests are prevalent, including parts of Africa, Australia, and the Middle East. The establishment of acacia forests not only influences the local climate but also creates a diverse ecosystem that supports a wide range of flora and fauna. As the environment becomes more hospitable due to increased rainfall and vegetation cover, various animal species are attracted to the area. In these newly established ecosystems, a variety of wildlife can thrive, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects. Larger herbivores such as elephants, giraffes, and antelopes may be drawn to the area to feed on the abundant vegetation provided by the acacia trees. Predators such as lions, leopards, and hyenas may follow, preying on the herbivores and maintaining ecological balance. Additionally, acacia forests support a rich diversity of bird species, including both resident and migratory birds. Birds are attracted to the trees for nesting sites, food sources, and protection from predators. Insects and other invertebrates also flourish in the diverse microhabitats created by the presence of acacia trees, serving as essential food sources for many other animals within the ecosystem. Overall, the establishment of acacia forests and the subsequent creation of microclimates and increased rainfall can have profound effects on the surrounding environment, fostering the development of diverse and thriving ecosystems that support a wide range of plant and animal life.
Acacia Trees
The organic nature of Gum Arabic derived from Acacia trees is a significant aspect of its appeal and marketability. Here's a deeper look into its organic attributes:
1. No Use of Fertilizers or Pesticides: Acacia trees, from which Gum Arabic is harvested, are naturally resistant to pests and diseases, eliminating the need for chemical fertilizers or pesticides during cultivation. This ensures that the gum produced is free from synthetic chemicals and residues, making it a pure and natural product.
2. 100% Natural: Gum Arabic obtained from Acacia trees is inherently natural, as it is derived solely from the sap or exudate of these trees without any artificial additives or processing agents. This natural extraction process preserves the integrity and purity of the gum, maintaining its organic status.
3. GMO-Free: Acacia trees are non-GMO (genetically modified organism) plants, meaning they have not been genetically engineered or modified in any way. As a result, Gum Arabic sourced from these trees is inherently GMO-free, providing consumers with a natural and non-modified product.
4. Sustainable Cultivation:Acacia trees play a crucial ecological role in the regions where they grow, particularly in arid and semi-arid environments. These trees help prevent soil erosion, conserve water, and provide habitat and food for various wildlife species. By promoting the sustainable cultivation of Acacia trees for Gum Arabic production, it contributes to the preservation of these ecosystems and the biodiversity they support.
5. Halting Desert Expansion:Acacia trees, particularly in regions like Sudan, are instrumental in halting the expansion of the Sahara Desert. Their deep root systems help stabilize soil and prevent desertification, making them valuable assets in combating land degradation and desert encroachment.
6. Sudan's Role as a Leading Producer: Sudan remains the largest producer of Gum Arabic globally, contributing over 70% of the world's supply of high-quality Grade 1 (Acacia Senegal, known as Hashab) and Grade 2 (Acacia Seyal, known as Talha) gum. This dominance underscores Sudan's expertise in Gum Arabic cultivation and highlights the exceptional quality of gum sourced from its Acacia trees.
Overall, the organic nature of Gum Arabic derived from Acacia trees, coupled with its sustainability and role in environmental conservation, enhances its appeal as a natural and eco-friendly ingredient with diverse applications in various industries.
Hashab in Raw Form on Tree
Gum Arabic, also known as Acacia Gum, is a natural exudate derived from the Acacia Senegal and Acacia Seyal trees, which are native to the gum belt region of Africa, stretching from Senegal in the west to Sudan in the east. It is a complex mixture of polysaccharides and glycoproteins that are water-soluble and exhibit unique functional properties. Some key aspects of Gum Arabic:
1. Composition: Gum Arabic consists mainly of polysaccharides, primarily arabinogalactans, which are composed of arabinose and galactose sugar units. It also contains smaller amounts of glycoproteins and minerals.
2. Physical Properties: Gum Arabic is a pale, off-white powder or brittle, translucent flakes. It is odorless, tasteless, and readily soluble in water, forming a viscous solution known as mucilage.
3. Functional Properties: Emulsification: Gum Arabic is widely used as an emulsifier in food and beverage formulations, helping to stabilize oil-in-water emulsions and prevent phase separation. Thickening and Stabilization: It serves as a thickening and stabilizing agent in various food products, such as confectionery, beverages, and dairy products, imparting a smooth texture and preventing syneresis. Film Formation: Gum Arabic can form edible films and coatings when dissolved in water, providing a protective barrier to extend the shelf life of food products and enhance their visual appeal. Prebiotic Properties: Gum Arabic contains soluble dietary fiber, which acts as a prebiotic, promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria and supporting digestive health.
4. Applications: Gum Arabic has diverse applications across several industries, including: Food and Beverage: Used as a stabilizer, thickener, emulsifier, and flavor encapsulant in products such as soft drinks, candies, syrups, and bakery items. Pharmaceuticals: Utilized as a binder in tablet formulations, a suspending agent in liquid medications, and a coating material for pills and capsules. Cosmetics: Included in cosmetic and personal care products as a film-forming agent, viscosity modifier, and emulsifier in creams, lotions, and hair care products.
Industrial Applications: Employed in lithography, printing, textiles, and adhesives as a binder, thickener, and stabilizer.
5. Health Benefits: Gum Arabic is considered safe for consumption and has been associated with several health benefits, including: Prebiotic Effects: It supports gut health as a substrate for beneficial gut bacteria, improving digestion and enhancing immune function. Blood Sugar Regulation: Some studies suggest that Gum Arabic helps regulate blood sugar levels, beneficial for individuals with diabetes. Weight Management: Its prebiotic properties contribute to feelings of fullness and satiety, aiding in weight management.
Gum Arabic is a versatile natural ingredient with numerous functional properties and applications across various industries, contributing to the quality, stability, and nutritional value of a wide range of products.
Types and Grades of Gum: Grade 1 : Hashab (Acacia Senegal): Sorted Grades:
Hashab, also known as Gum Arabic, is a natural exudate obtained from certain species of Acacia trees, particularly Acacia Senegal. It is widely used in various industries for its unique properties and applications. Here is an expansion on the different grades of Hashab:
1. Hand Picked Selected (HPS):This is considered the highest grade of Hashab and is also the most expensive. HPS Hashab is characterized by its cleanliness, light color, and typically occurs in the form of large nodules or tears. It undergoes a meticulous hand-picking process to ensure the removal of any impurities, resulting in a pristine and high-quality product.
2. Cleaned and Siftings:After the hand-picked selected process, the remaining material is categorized as cleaned and siftings. Grade comprises whole or broken lumps of Gum Arabic with varying colors ranging from pale to dark amber. While it may contain some impurities and siftings, the larger particles are separated from the finer ones.
3. Cleaned: The cleaned grade of Hashab is considered a standard grade and is widely used in various industrial applications. It varies in color from light to dark amber and undergoes a cleaning process to remove dust and larger impurities while retaining its natural properties. It is suitable for applications where a slightly lower purity level is acceptable.
4. Siftings: Siftings grade refers to the fine particles that remain after sorting the choicer grades of Hashab. These particles typically contain some sand, bark, and dirt and are separated from the larger Gum Arabic tears during the sorting process. While not as refined as the higher grades, siftings grade still retains many of the properties and characteristics of Hashab.
5. Dust: The dust grade consists of very fine particles collected after the cleaning process of Hashab. It contains sand, dirt, and other impurities and is considered the lowest grade in terms of purity. Dust grade Gum Arabic is usually not suitable for use in food or pharmaceutical applications but may find limited use in certain industrial applications where purity is less critical.
6. Red: Red particles refer to the dark red-colored particles or impurities found in some grades of Hashab. These particles may result from the natural variation in the composition of the gum arabic exudate or from the presence of other plant materials. While not necessarily undesirable, red particles may affect the appearance or quality of the Gum Arabic depending on the intended application.
Grade 2: Talha (Acacia Seyal)
Talha, also known as Acacia Seyal, is another species of Acacia tree that produces Gum Arabic, albeit of a slightly different composition compared to Acacia Senegal. An expansion on the various grades of Talha Gum Arabic:
1. Talha Cleaned: This grade refers to Talha Gum Arabic that has undergone a cleaning process to remove larger impurities and particles, resulting in a cleaner and more refined product. The size of the particles in this grade typically ranges from 4mm and above, indicating larger and more uniform pieces of Gum Arabic.
2. Talha Sifting Grade:After the cleaning process, Talha Gum Arabic is sorted into sifting grades based on particle size. This grade consists of particles ranging from 0.5mm to 4mm in size. The sifting process helps separate the Gum Arabic into different grades based on particle size, allowing for more precise application in various industries.
3. Talha Dust Grade: The dust grade of Talha Gum Arabic comprises very fine particles with a size of under 0.5mm. These fine particles are collected during the cleaning and sorting process and may contain sand, dirt, or other impurities. While not as visually appealing or uniform as larger grades, Talha dust grade Gum Arabic still retains many of its functional properties and can be used in certain applications where a finer particle size is acceptable.
Processed Grade 1 (Hashab) Gum Arabic is also available in kibbled form, which refers to Gum Arabic that has been processed into smaller, practical sizes suitable for various applications. The kibbled form is categorized based on particle size:
1. Kibbled (0.5mm~8mm): This size range refers to Hashab Gum Arabic that has been processed into small granules or chips with sizes ranging from 0.5mm to 8mm. These practical-sized granules are convenient for use in various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, where a specific particle size is required.
2. Kibbled (8mm ~ 16mm+):Similarly, this size range encompasses Hashab Gum Arabic processed into slightly larger granules or chips with sizes ranging from 8mm to 16mm or larger. These larger granules may be preferred for certain industrial applications where a coarser particle size is desired or where specific handling requirements dictate larger particle sizes.
Molecular Structure
Gum Arabic, derived from Acacia Senegal and Acacia Seyal trees, exhibits a complex chemical and molecular structure that contributes to its unique properties and wide-ranging applications. Here's an expansion on the chemical and molecular composition of Gum Arabic:
1. Chemical Composition:Gum Arabic primarily consists of calcium, magnesium, and potassium salts, along with polysaccharides that yield various sugars after hydrolysis. The main sugar constituents include arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, and glucuronic acid. These sugars are present in different proportions depending on factors such as the source of the gum, climatic conditions, seasonal variations, and the age of the tree. Both Acacia Senegal and Acacia Seyal gums contain similar carbohydrate residues, but with slight differences in their composition.
2. Acacia Senegal vs. Acacia Seyal: While both Acacia Senegal and Acacia Seyal gums share similar carbohydrate residues, they exhibit some variations in their chemical compositions. Acacia Seyal gum typically contains lower levels of rhamnose and glucuronic acid but higher levels of arabinose and glucuronic acid compared to Acacia Senegal gum. These differences contribute to the unique properties and applications of each type of Gum Arabic.
3. Amino Acid Composition:The amino acid compositions of Gum Arabic derived from both Acacia Senegal and Acacia Seyal trees are similar, with hydroxyproline and serine being the major constituents. Amino acids play a crucial role in the functional properties of Gum Arabic, including its emulsifying and stabilizing capabilities in various applications.
4. Molecular Mass Distribution: Gum Arabic from both Acacia Senegal and Acacia Seyal trees exhibits high-weight molecular mass distributions, which contribute to its viscosity and rheological properties. However, the average molecular mass of Gum Arabic derived from Acacia Seyal is typically higher than that of Gum Arabic from Acacia Senegal. For example, the average molecular mass of Acacia Seyal gum is around 380,000, while that of Acacia Senegal gum is approximately 850,000. This difference in molecular mass influences the performance and suitability of Gum Arabic for specific applications, such as in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.
Sudanese Plans
Stabilize Supply Source
The proposed project aims to establish a comprehensive infrastructure for the production of biofuel ethanol and Gum Arabic powder across various estates, with a focus on green electricity generation, Gum Arabic powder production, and millet milling.
1. Biofuel Ethanol Production from Sweet Sorghum: The project plans to install 40 units of one Megawatt Green Electricity generators powered by sweet sorghum across all estates. Sweet sorghum is a type of sorghum crop known for its high sugar content, making it suitable for biofuel production. The ethanol produced from sweet sorghum can be used as a renewable and sustainable source of energy, particularly in the transportation sector, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and lowering carbon emissions.Biofuel ethanol production from sweet sorghum represents a pivotal stride towards sustainable energy solutions, leveraging the inherent potential of this versatile crop to address pressing environmental and energy challenges. Sweet sorghum, a resilient and high-yielding crop, offers a promising source of renewable energy through its conversion into ethanol, a clean and renewable biofuel.The process of biofuel ethanol production from sweet sorghum involves several key stages, beginning with cultivation and harvesting of the crop. Sweet sorghum's ability to thrive in diverse climates and marginal lands renders it an attractive option for biofuel feedstock cultivation, minimizing competition with food crops and maximizing land utilization.Upon harvest, sweet sorghum undergoes processing to extract its sugar-rich juice, a crucial precursor for ethanol production. This juice is subjected to fermentation, where specialized enzymes or yeast convert the sugars into ethanol through a biochemical process known as alcoholic fermentation. The resulting ethanol is then distilled to remove impurities, yielding high-quality biofuel suitable for various applications, including transportation and industrial use.Biofuel ethanol production from sweet sorghum offers numerous environmental and economic benefits. As a renewable energy source, ethanol derived from sweet sorghum reduces reliance on fossil fuels, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and combating climate change. Furthermore, its cultivation promotes sustainable agricultural practices, enhancing soil health and biodiversity while providing economic opportunities for farmers in rural communities.Moreover, sweet sorghum's potential as a biofuel feedstock extends beyond ethanol production, with ongoing research exploring its utilization in biorefineries for the production of additional value-added products such as bio-based chemicals and bio-based materials.In conclusion, biofuel ethanol production from sweet sorghum represents a sustainable and environmentally responsible approach to meeting global energy demands. By harnessing the inherent qualities of this versatile crop, stakeholders in the biofuel industry can contribute to a more resilient and sustainable energy future while advancing agricultural sustainability and rural development initiatives.
2. Gum Arabic Powder Production: The project aims to produce immunity prebiotic Gum Arabic powder from 100 mini factories with a capacity of 100kg/h each, to be installed initially in 12 estates. The production capacity is planned to be increased, potentially expanding to the South Sudan belt, in response to growing business-to-consumer (B2C) demand. Gum Arabic, also known as acacia gum, is a natural exudate derived from the Acacia Senegal tree. It is widely used in various industries, including food, beverage, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, due to its functional properties and health benefits. The mini factories will utilize state-of-the-art technology for efficient extraction and processing of Gum Arabic, ensuring high-quality powder suitable for both internal consumption and external applications.
In biblical scriptures, manna is described as a divine sustenance provided by God to the Israelites during their journey through the desert for 40 years following the Exodus and before their arrival in Canaan. This miraculous provision was bestowed upon them as they traversed the arid wilderness, symbolizing God's providence and care for His people during times of need. The nature and composition of manna have been subjects of interpretation and speculation over centuries. While the Bible does not explicitly define its exact composition, it is generally understood as a supernatural substance with properties resembling grains or bread. In some interpretations, manna is considered a type of grain, while in others, it is likened to bread due to its role as sustenance for the Israelites during their desert sojourn. However, the Quran provides a distinct perspective, stating that manna is not merely a grain but a divine provision superior to ordinary sustenance. Both religious texts converge on the narrative of the Israelites' wilderness journey lasting 40 years, followed by their subsequent exile to Misr (Egypt), albeit with variations in interpretation.In modern times, the concept of manna has inspired symbolic interpretations and associations, particularly in the context of nutritional sustenance and holistic well-being. Drawing inspiration from this biblical narrative, Manna Health Mix embodies the essence of multigrain goodness, comprising a harmonious blend of 14 natural cereals, pulses, grains, and nuts. This nutritional elixir encapsulates the wholesome nourishment and vitality symbolized by manna, offering a testament to the enduring legacy of divine sustenance and holistic health.
3. Millet Milling: The project also includes the establishment of 30 mini-mills for milling millet in rural areas initially, with plans to increase the number to 2000 units by 2030 in response to growing demand. Millet is a gluten-free cereal grain known for its nutritional value and versatility. It is a staple food in many regions and can be processed into various food products, including flour for baking, porridge, and fermented beverages. The mini-mills will provide local communities with access to milling facilities, enabling them to process millet locally and meet the dietary needs of the population while supporting economic development in rural areas.Overall, the proposed project aims to promote sustainable development, create employment opportunities, and contribute to the local economy by harnessing renewable energy sources, producing value-added products like Gum Arabic powder, and supporting small-scale millet farming and processing in rural areas.In recent years, millet has emerged as a prominent candidate for addressing global food security challenges, owing to its remarkable nutritional profile and sustainable cultivation practices. The significance of this ancient grain has been underscored by the United Nations, which designated 2023 as the International Year of Millet, following a proposal by India.Renowned Indian actor and cardiologist, Parath Reddy, played a pivotal role in catalyzing the recognition of millet as a staple food for the future. Dr. Reddy's initial encounter with the distinctive flavor and health benefits of millet prompted him to delve deeper into its potential as a dietary staple. Notably, millet offers the unique advantage of releasing sugar into the body slowly, making it an ideal alternative to rice, particularly for individuals seeking to manage blood sugar levels.Dr. Reddy's commitment to promoting millet as a lifestyle choice culminated in the launch of "Millet Marvels," a campaign aimed at encouraging widespread adoption of this nutritious grain. In a candid interview with the Sunday Times, Dr. Reddy expressed his concerns about the health trajectory of future generations, emphasizing the pivotal role of millet in mitigating looming health challenges.Millet has garnered acclaim as "the food of the future" due to its exceptional nutritional properties and versatility in culinary applications. Its inclusion in popular food items such as noodles, biscuits, and crackers has propelled its mainstream acceptance. Bakeries and restaurants across India have embraced millet as a key ingredient, reflecting its growing popularity and culinary relevance.India's status as the world's largest producer of millet breakfast cereals further highlights the country's pivotal role in promoting millet consumption on a global scale. The United Nations' endorsement of India's proposal to designate 2023 as the International Year of Millet underscores the organization's commitment to raising awareness about the health benefits of millet and advocating for policy measures that prioritize the cultivation and consumption of these nutritious grains.Beyond its nutritional prowess, millet offers ecological advantages, thriving in harsh climates with minimal water requirements and boasting a lower carbon footprint compared to conventional grains like wheat and rice. Its cultivation aligns with sustainable agricultural practices, making it a viable solution for enhancing food security while mitigating environmental impact.In summary, the United Nations' recognition of millet as a pivotal component of global food security underscores its transformative potential in addressing pressing health and environmental challenges. As efforts to promote millet gain momentum, its role as a sustainable and nutritious food source for future generations is poised to become increasingly prominent on the global stage.
SuperMountain (Jebel Marra) Darfur Sudan
SuperMountain Historical Aspects
The biblical history of SuperMountain (Jebel Marra) Darfur Sudan is not very clear, as there are few sources that mention the region in relation to the Bible. However, some scholars and researchers have suggested that Jebel Marra may have been the original location of Adam and Eve's exile from the Garden of Eden, based on various geographical, cultural, and historical elements. Here are some of the main arguments for this hypothesis:
• Jebel Marra is a fertile and lush region, with a temperate climate and abundant natural resources, such as fruits, vegetables, and animals. Some of these resources are similar to the ones described in the Bible as the bounties of paradise, such as figs, olives, grapes, and honey. The region also has a unique volcanic crater lake, which may resemble the four rivers that flowed from Eden in Genesis 2:10-14.
• Jebel Marra has many place names that bear biblical significance, such as Habila, which is named after Adam's son Abel, and Deriba, which may be derived from the Hebrew word for "knowledge", da'at, which is related to the tree of knowledge of good and evil in Genesis 2:17, The region also has a strong presence of the raven, a bird that is mentioned in several biblical stories, such as Noah's ark in Genesis 8:7 and Elijah's feeding in 1 Kings 17:4-6
• Jebel Marra has a rich and diverse cultural heritage, with many local traditions and folklore that reference Adam and Eve's story. For example, the Fur people, who are the main inhabitants of the region, have a legend that says that Adam and Eve were exiled to Jebel Marra after eating from the forbidden tree, and that they lived there for many years until they were forgiven by God and allowed to return to paradise. The region also has a festival called "Fur Day", which celebrates the creation of the first human being by God.
• Jebel Marra has some archaeological and historical evidence that suggests that it was once a center of civilization and religion, and that it may have had contact with other biblical regions, such as Egypt, Nubia, and Ethiopia. For example, the region has some ancient rock paintings and inscriptions that depict scenes of hunting, farming, and worship, as well as symbols and scripts that resemble those of ancient Egypt and Nubia. The region also has some remnants of Christian churches and monasteries that date back to the medieval period, when Christianity was widespread in Sudan and EthiopiaJebel Marra, also known as SuperMountain, is a volcanic massif located in the Darfur region of western Sudan. Its name, "Jebel Marra," translates to "Mountain of Marra" in Arabic. This prominent geographical feature has a rich ancient history that spans thousands of years, encompassing various civilizations, cultures, and historical events.
1. Early Inhabitants: The region surrounding Jebel Marra has been inhabited by various indigenous peoples for millennia. Archaeological evidence suggests that early human settlements existed in the area as far back as the Neolithic period (10,000 BCE). These early inhabitants were likely hunter-gatherers who relied on the natural resources of the region for sustenance.
2. Ancient Kingdoms: The Darfur region, including Jebel Marra, has been home to several ancient kingdoms and civilizations. One of the most notable was the Kingdom of Kush, which flourished in the Nile Valley from around 2500 BCE to 300 CE. The Kushite civilization, known for its rich culture and powerful rulers, left behind numerous archaeological sites and artifacts in the Jebel Marra area, including pyramids, temples, and inscriptions.
3. Trade and Commerce: Jebel Marra's strategic location made it a hub for trade and commerce in ancient times. The region served as a crossroads for trade routes linking the Nile Valley to the Red Sea coast and the Sahel region of West Africa. Merchants traded various goods, including gold, ivory, slaves, and exotic commodities, contributing to the prosperity and cultural exchange in the area.
4. Cultural Exchange: Over the centuries, Jebel Marra has been influenced by various cultures and civilizations due to its position along trade routes and its interactions with neighboring regions. The influx of diverse peoples, including Nubians, Arabs, and indigenous African tribes, contributed to the cultural diversity of the area, leading to the synthesis of different traditions, languages, and religious beliefs.
5. Colonial Era: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Sudan came under British and Egyptian colonial rule. Jebel Marra and the surrounding Darfur region became part of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The colonial period brought significant changes to the region, including administrative reforms, infrastructure development, and the introduction of cash crops such as cotton.
6. Modern Conflicts: In recent decades, Jebel Marra has been the center of various conflicts and humanitarian crises, particularly during the Darfur conflict that began in the early 2000s. The region has witnessed violence, displacement, and humanitarian emergencies, impacting the lives of its inhabitants and disrupting traditional ways of life.
Despite its ancient history and cultural significance, Jebel Marra continues to face challenges related to conflict, environmental degradation, and socio-economic development. However, efforts are underway to preserve its heritage, promote sustainable development, and address the needs of its diverse population.
Expanding on the claims related to Jebel Marra as the location where Adam and Eve were exiled, it's important to provide additional context and evidence to support this assertion. Here's an expanded version:
Jebel Marra, located in the Darfur region of Sudan, has been historically associated with the biblical narrative of Adam and Eve's exile. This association is supported by various elements that align with the biblical story and local traditions:
1. Heaven-like Climate and Abundance of Natural Resources:Jebel Marra is renowned for its picturesque landscapes, lush vegetation, and fertile soils, which contribute to its reputation as a "heaven-like" region. The mountain's temperate climate and abundant natural resources, including diverse flora and fauna, have long been regarded as evidence of its divine significance. The area boasts an array of fruits and vegetation reminiscent of the bounties described in religious texts, symbolizing the blessings bestowed upon believers.
2. Biblical References in Local Geography: Numerous place names within the Jebel Marra area bear biblical significance, further reinforcing the connection to Adam and Eve's story. For instance, the presence of villages like Habila, named after Adam's son Abel, serves as a poignant reminder of the biblical narrative. Such nomenclature not only underscores the area's rich history but also strengthens the cultural and religious ties to the biblical account of human origins.
3. Cultural and Religious Traditions: Local folklore and traditions in the Jebel Marra region often reference Adam and Eve's exile as an integral part of the collective cultural heritage. These narratives, passed down through generations, emphasize the mountain's sacred status and its association with pivotal events in religious history. The enduring presence of these traditions underscores the enduring significance of Jebel Marra as a site of spiritual and cultural importance.
4. Symbolism in Natural Features: Symbolic elements in the landscape further support the narrative of Adam and Eve's exile. For instance, the presence of the raven, a recurring motif in local folklore and traditions, is believed to guide visitors to sacred sites and burial grounds, echoing the biblical story of the raven guiding Cain to bury his brother Abel. This symbolism serves as a testament to the enduring legacy of Jebel Marra as a site imbued with religious and cultural symbolism.
5. Scholarly References: Scholarly works, such as "Manna & Universe" by Dr. Isam Sidig (2009), provide additional insights and interpretations of the historical and religious significance of Jebel Marra in relation to biblical narratives. Dr. Sidig's research offers valuable perspectives on the intersection of religious beliefs and cultural heritage in the Darfur region, shedding light on the enduring influence of biblical narratives on local traditions and identities.
In summary, the association of Jebel Marra with Adam and Eve's exile is supported by a combination of geographical features, cultural traditions, and scholarly research, all of which contribute to the mountain's significance as a site of historical and religious importance in the Darfur region of Sudan.